“The Robinson” Sicklebar Mower – Prototype? From the Estate of Charles W. For offer, a nice old photograph. Fresh from an estate in Upstate / Western NY. Never offered on the market until now. Vintage, Old, antique, Original – NOT a Reproduction – Guaranteed!! This photo came from the estate of James Robinson, an engineer and Cornell grad who worked for Kendall Oil for decades. Robinson, was chief engineer for experiments at International Harvester for decades. Charles’s father was William M. Robinson, who was Vice President of Parlin & Orendorff of Dallas Texas – later bought by IH. Many items in the estate originally belonged to Charles, including working models, papers, photos, etc. This photo is quite rare, and I could not find out much about it – except it says “The Robinson” on it. Perhaps this was a model worked on at IH, or earlier? 1890s, but could be earlier, could be a bit later. The names Charles W. Robinson and William M. Robinson are on the back, and says “worked for IH” under Charles’s name. Photo measures 9 7/8 x 7 1/2 inches, and is on very heavy, thick card stock. In very good condition. Please see photos for details. If you collect Americana advertisement ad, 19th century American history, Victorian trade card related, farming, agriculture, industry, etc. This is one you will not see again soon. A nice piece for your paper or ephemera collection. Perhaps some genealogy research information as well. A mower is a person or machine that cuts (mows) grass or other plants that grow on the ground. Usually mowing is distinguished from reaping, which uses similar implements, but is the traditional term for harvesting grain crops, e. With reapers and combines. A smaller mower used for lawns and sports grounds (playing fields) is called a lawn mower or grounds mower, which is often self-powered, or may also be small enough to be pushed by the operator. Grounds mowers have reel or rotary cutters. Larger mowers or mower-conditioners are mainly used to cut grass (or other crops) for hay or silage and often place the cut material into rows, which are referred to as windrows. Swathers (or windrowers) are also used to cut grass (and grain crops). Prior to the invention and adoption of mechanized mowers, (and today in places where use a mower is impractical or uneconomical), grass and grain crops were cut by hand using scythes or sickles. Larger mowers are usually ganged (equipped with a number or gang of similar cutting units), so they can adapt individually to ground contours. They may be powered and drawn by a tractor or draft animals. The cutting units can be mounted underneath the tractor between the front and rear wheels, mounted on the back with a three-point hitch or pulled behind the tractor as a trailer. There are also dedicated self-propelled cutting machines, which often have the mower units mounted at the front and sides for easy visibility by the driver. Boom or side-arm mowers are mounted on long hydraulic arms, similar to a backhoe arm, which allows the tractor to mow steep banks or around objects while remaining on a safer surface. The cutting mechanism in a mower may be one of several different designs. Eicher tractor with a mid-mounted finger-bar mower. Sickle mowers, also called reciprocating mowers, bar mowers, sickle-bar mowers, or finger-bar mowers, have a long (typically six to seven and a half feet) bar on which are mounted fingers with stationary guardplates. In a channel on the bar there is a reciprocating sickle with very sharp sickle sections (triangular blades). The sickle bar is driven back and forth along the channel. The grass, or other plant matter, is cut between the sharp edges of the sickle sections and the finger-plates (this action can be likened to an electric hair clipper). The bar rides on the ground, supported on a skid at the inner end, and it can be tilted to adjust the height of the cut. A spring-loaded board at the outer end of the bar guides the cut hay away from the uncut hay. The so-formed channel, between cut and uncut material, allows the mower skid to ride in the channel and cut only uncut grass cleanly on the next swath. These were the first successful horse-drawn mowers on farms and the general principles still guide the design of modern mowers. Rotary cutters mounted on a swather. Rotary mowers, also called drum mowers, have a rapidly rotating bar, or disks mounted on a bar, with sharpened edges that cut the crop. When these mowers are tractor-mounted they are easily capable of mowing grass at up to 20 miles per hour (32 km/h) in good conditions. Some models are designed to be mounted in double and triple sets on a tractor, one in the front and one at each side, thus able to cut up to 20 foot (6 metre) swaths. In rough cutting conditions, the blades attached to the disks are swivelled to absorb blows from obstructions. Mostly these are rear-mounted units and in some countries are called scrub cutters. Self-powered mowers of this type are used for rougher grass in gardening and other land maintenance. Reel mowers, also called cylinder mowers [1] (familiar as the hand-pushed or self-powered cylinder lawn mower), have a horizontally rotating cylindrical reel composed of helical blades, each of which in turn runs past a horizontal cutter-bar, producing a continuous scissor action. The bar is held at an adjustable level just above the ground and the reel runs at a speed dependent on the forward movement speed of the machine, driven by wheels running on the ground (or in self-powered applications by a motor). The cut grass may be gathered in a collection bin. This type of mower is used to produce consistently short and even grass on bowling greens, lawns, parks and sports grounds. When pulled by a tractor (or formerly by a horse), these mowers are often ganged into sets of three, five or more, to form a gang mower. A well-designed reel mower can cut quite tangled and thick tall grass, but this type works best on fairly short, upright vegetation, as taller vegetation tends to be rolled flat rather than cut. Home reel mowers have certain benefits over motor-powered mowers as they are quieter and not dependent on any extra form of power besides the person doing the mowing. This is useful not only to lessen dependence on other types of power which may have availability issues, but also lessens the impact on the environment. Flail mowers have a number of small blades on the end of chains attached to a horizontal axis. The cutting is carried out by the ax-like heads striking the grass at speed. These types are used on rough ground, where the blades may frequently be fouled by other objects, or on tougher vegetation than grass, such as brush (scrub). Due to the length of the chains and the higher weight of the blades, they are better at cutting thick brush than other mowers, because of the relatively high inertia of the blades. In some types the cut material may be gathered in a collection bin. As a boom mower (see above), a flail mower may be used in an upright position for trimming the sides of hedges, when it is often called a hedge-cutter. Fella Radon Drum Mower. Drum mowers have their horizontally-mounted cutting blades attached to the outside of a relatively large diameter disc fixed to the bottom of a smaller diameter drum and are principally designed for cutting lighter crops, such as grass, very quickly. The drive mechanism is top-mounted and often in the form of fully enclosed, bevel geared drive shafts. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mowers. List of agricultural machinery. Its reorganized successor, after spin-off of several of those businesses, is Navistar International. Morgan merged the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company and Deering Harvester Company, along with three smaller agricultural equipment firms, to form International Harvester. Which merged it into its subsidiary J. Case under the Case IH brand. Following the terms of IH’s agreement with Tenneco, the remainder of International Harvester (primarily heavy trucks) became Navistar International Corporation in 1986. Cyrus Hall McCormick patented an early mechanical reaper. Founding of the company. The roots of International Harvester run to the 1830s, when Cyrus Hall McCormick, an inventor from Virginia, finalized his version of a horse-drawn reaper, which he field-demonstrated throughout 1831, and for which he received a patent in 1834. Together with his brother Leander J. Their products came onto the market just as the development of railroads offered wide distribution to distant market areas. He developed marketing and sales techniques, developing a vast network of trained salesmen able to demonstrate operation of the machines in the field. McCormick died in 1885, with his company passing to his son, Cyrus McCormick, Jr. Whose antipathy and incompetence toward organized labor sparked the Haymarket affair, the origin of May Day as a labor holiday. In 1902, the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company and Deering Harvester Company, along with three smaller agricultural equipment firms Milwaukee Harvesting Machine Co. And Warder, Bushnell, and Glessner-manufacturers of Champion brand merged to create the International Harvester Company. Morgan provided the financing. [2] In 1919, the Parlin and Orendorff factory in Canton, Illinois, was a leader in the plow manufacturing industry. An International Harvester tractor built in 1920. The golden years of IH. In 1926, IH’s Farmall Works began production in a new plant in Rock Island, Illinois, built solely to produce the new Farmall tractor. By 1930, the 100,000th Farmall was produced. IH next set their sights on introducing a true’general-purpose’ tractor designed to satisfy the needs of the average US family farmer. The resulting’letter’ series of Raymond Loewy-designed Farmall tractors in 1939 proved a huge success, and IH enjoyed a sales lead in tractors and related equipment that continued through much of the 1940s and 1950s, despite stiff competition from Ford, John Deere, and other tractor manufacturers. IH ranked 33rd among United States corporations in the value of World War II production contracts. [3] In 1946 IH acquired a defense plant in Louisville, Kentucky, which was enlarged, expanded, and re-equipped for production of the Farmall A, B, and the new 340 tractors. Then in 1948, IH acquired the Metropolitan Body Company of Bridgeport, Connecticut. [4] This was the manufacturing facility for the bodies of the commercially successful Metro line of forward control vans and trucks from 1938 until roughly 1964. In 1974, the five-millionth IHC tractor was produced at the Rock Island Farmall plant. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, despite good sales, IH’s profit margins remained slim. The continual addition of unrelated business lines created a somewhat unwieldy corporate organization, and the company found it difficult to focus on a primary business, be it agricultural equipment, construction equipment, or truck production. An overly conservative management, combined with a rigid policy of in-house promotions, tended to stifle new management strategies, as well as technical innovation. Products with increasingly ancient technology continued in production despite their marginal addition to sales. Worse, IH not only faced a threat of strong competition in each of its main businesses, but also had to contend with increased production costs, primarily due to labor and government-imposed environmental and safety regulations. In 1979, IH named a new CEO, who was determined to improve profit margins and drastically cut ballooning costs. Unprofitable model lines were terminated, and factory production curtailed. By the end of the year, IH profits were at their highest in 10 years, but cash reserves were still too low. Union members became increasingly irate over production cutbacks and other cost-cutting measures. In the spring and summer of 1979, IH began short-term planning for a strike that seemed inevitable. McCardell sought overtime, work rule, and other changes from the United Auto Workers, which led to a strike on November 2, 1979. [6] Soon after, the economy turned unfavorable, and IH faced a financial crisis. The strike lasted about six months. By 1981, the company’s finances were at their lowest point ever. The strike, accompanied by the economy and internal corporate problems, had placed IH in a hole that had only a slim way out. [8] Things only got worse until 1984, when the bitter end came. International Harvester, following long negotiations, agreed to sell selected assets of its agricultural products division to Tenneco, Inc. On November 26, 1984. Tenneco had a subsidiary, J. Case, that manufactured tractors, but lacked the full line of farm implements that IH produced combines, cotton pickers, tillage equipment, etc. Following the merger, tractor production at Harvester’s Rock Island, Illinois, Farmall Works ceased in May 1985. Production of the new Case IH tractors moved to the J. Case Tractor Works in Racine, Wisconsin. Production of IH Axial-Flow combines continued at the East Moline, Illinois, combine factory. Harvester’s Memphis Works in Memphis, Tennessee, was closed and cotton picker production was moved. As part of the sale of its agricultural products division. Navistar International Corporation continues to manufacture medium- and heavy-duty trucks, school buses, and engines under the International brand name. A 1911 one-cylinder 25 hp (19 kW) Type C Mogul. The International Harvester Agricultural Division was second to the Truck Division, but was the best-known IH subsidiary. One of the early products (besides the harvesting equipment that McCormick and Deering had been making prior to the merger) from the newly created International Harvester Company was the Traction Truck: a truck frame manufactured by Morton Traction Truck Company (later bought by IHC) with an IHC engine installed. McCormick-Deering 15-30 on the fields of the Ukrainian SSR 1930. IH produced a range of large gasoline-powered farm tractors under the Mogul and Titan brands. [9] Between 1911 and 1914, 862 Moguls were built. [9] These tractors had varied success, but the trend going into the mid-1910s was “small” and “cheap”. The first important tractors from IH were the model 10-20 and 15-30. Introduced in 1915, the tractors (which were smaller than their predecessors) were primarily used as traction engines to pull plows and for belt work on threshing machines. The 10-20 and 15-30 both had separate, but similar, Mogul and Titan versions. Other brand names they incorporated include Keystone, D. Osborne, Kemp, Meadows, Sterling, Weber, Plano, and Champion. A 1937 McCormick-Deering tractor on display at the Cole Land Transportation Museum in Bangor, Maine. In 1924 IH, introduced the Farmall tractor, a smaller general-purpose tractor, to fend off competition from the Ford Motor Company’s Fordson tractors. The Farmall was a leader in the emerging row-crop tractor category. Following the introduction of the Farmall, IH introduced several similar-looking “F Series” models that offered improvements over the original design (the original model became known as the “Regular”). In 1932, IH produced their first diesel engine, in the McCormick-Deering TD-40 crawler. This engine started on gasoline, then switched over to diesel fuel. Diesel engines of this era were difficult to start in cold weather, and using gasoline allowed the engine to start easily and thoroughly warm up before making the switch to diesel in all weather conditions. In 1935, this engine was put in the International Harvester WD-40, becoming the first diesel tractor on wheels in North America[10] (the world’s first diesel tractor was the German Benz-Sendling BS 6, introduced in 1922). The letter and standard series. A McCormick Farmall tractor. For model year 1939, industrial designer Raymond Loewy was hired to design a new line of tractors. The sleek look, combined with other new features, created what is known as the Farmall “letter series” (A, B, BN, C, H, and M) and the McCormick-Deering “standard series” (W-4, W-6, and W-9). Model year 1941 had the introduction of the model MD, the first rowcrop diesel-powered tractor; over a decade later, IH’s largest competitor, John Deere, introduced a diesel option on their rowcrop tractors. The letter series tractors were updated to the “super” series in 1953 (with the exception of the A, which had become a “super” in 1947, and the B and BN, which were discontinued in 1948) and received several improvements. Many of these tractors (especially the largest: the H, M, and W models) are still in operation on farms today. Especially desirable are the diesel-powered MD, WD-6, and WD-9. These tractors carried forward the unique gasoline start diesel concept of the WD-40. The letter and standard series of tractors was produced until 1954, and was a defining product in IH history. In 1947, the smallest tractor in the Farmall line was introduced, the Cub. With a 60 cu. Four-cylinder engine and a 69-inch wheelbase, the Cub was aimed at small farms such as truck farms, horse farms, and other small acreages that had previously continued to rely on horse-drawn equipment. Production of the Cub commenced at the newly acquired Farmall Works-Louisville plant (formerly the wartime Curtiss-Wright Aircraft factory in Louisville, Kentucky) which was expanded, remodeled, and re-equipped. A 1954 IH Farmall Super C. For 1955 in IH tractors, the numbered “hundred-series” was offered. Although given slightly different looks and few new features, they were still updates to the models introduced in 1939. The only new tractor in the 1955 lineup was the 300 Utility. In 1957, IH gave the tractor lineup another update by increasing power in some models, adding a new 230 Utility model, adding new white paint to the grill and sides, and giving new number designations. This improved sales at the time, but IH’s inability to change and update was already showing. International 660 in rural Saskatchewan. In July 1958, IH launched a major campaign to introduce a new line of tractors to revitalize slumping sales. At the Hinsdale, Illinois, Testing Farm, IH entertained over 12,000 dealers from over 25 countries. IH showed off their new “60” series of tractors: including the big, first-of-its-kind, six-cylinder 460 and 560 tractors. The joy of the new line of tractors was short lived, though. One of the first events that eventually led to the downfall of IH presented itself in 1959. In June of that year, IH recalled the 460, 560, and 660 tractors: final drive components had failed. These final drives were essentially unchanged from 1939 and would fail rapidly under the stress of the more powerful 60-series engines. IH’s competitors took advantage of the recall, and IH lost customers in the ensuing months, [11] with many customers moving to John Deere’s New Generation of Power tractors introduced in 1960. The British built International B275 model still in production in India and built by Mahindra and Mahindra. Throughout the 1960s, IH introduced new tractors and new sales techniques. As producing tractors was the lifeblood of the company, IH would have to remain competitive in this field. They both succeeded and failed at this goal, but farming was about to change, and IH and its competitors were in for a bumpy ride. In 1963, IH introduced the 73 hp (54 kW) 706 and 95 hp (71 kW) 806 tractors. In 1964, IH made its four-millionth tractor, an 806. In 1965, IH introduced its first 100 hp (75 kW) two-wheel-drive tractor, the 1206. Another option became available in 1965 for the 706, 806, and the new 1206: a factory-installed cab made by Stopler Allen Co. This cab is often called the “ice cream box” cab due to its shape. The cab could be equipped with a fan and heater. By 1967, over 100,000 models 706, 806, and 1206 were built. In 1967 was the introduction of the “56” series tractors as replacements for the successful and popular “06” series. These new “56s” were bigger and more powerful than the “06s”. The new models included the 65 hp (48 kW) 656, 76 hp (57 kW) 756, the 101 hp (75 kW) 856, and the 116 hp (87 kW) 1256. The “ice cream box” cab was still an option. In 1969 IH introduced the 1456 Turbo at 131 hp (98 kW). Also that year, the 91 hp (68 kW) 826 was introduced with the option of gearshift or hydrostatic transmissions. Another milestone for IH was the 1970 introduction of the 1026 Hydro which was basically a hydrostatic version of the 1256, at that time the most powerful hydrostatic transmission tractor made in the US at 114 hp (85 kW). In 1971, IH introduced the 66 series line. The new models included the 85 hp (63 kW) 766, the 101 hp (75 kW) 966, the 125 hp (93 kW) 1066 turbo, the 145 hp (108 kW) 1466 Turbo, and the 145 hp (108 kW) 1468 V-8. The 130 hp (97 kW) 4166 4WD was also introduced. The 966 and 1066 were available with Hydro or gearshift transmissions and the choice of two-post roll over protection structures (ROPs) or two different cabs, the “custom” and the “deluxe”. In 1972, the 666 replaced the long-running 656, the 150 hp (110 kW) 1568 V-8 replaced the 1468, and the 160 hp (120 kW) 1566 and the 163 hp (122 kW) 4366 4WD were introduced. Also later that year, four-post ROPs replaced two-post; the “custom” cab was dropped and the “deluxe” cab was now painted red instead of white. Due to horsepower confusions, the 966 and 1066 Hydro models were restriped; the Hydro 100 and the 666 Hydro became the Hydro 70. [11] Also in 1973, IH officially dropped the “Farmall” name from its tractor. This ended an era that began with the first Farmall “Regular” back in 1924. The 230 hp (170 kW) 4568 V-8 4WD was introduced in 1975. In 1976, the entire tractor line got a new paint job and decal pattern. No longer were the side panels all white with chrome and black decals: they were now all red with a black-striped sticker. This was done to clear inventory for the forthcoming Pro Ag Line. In September 1976, IH released their 86 series Pro Ag Line. The models included the 80 hp (60 kW) 786, the 90 hp (67 kW) 886, the 101 hp (75 kW) 986, the 104 hp (78 kW) 186 Hydro, the 135 hp (101 kW) 1086, the 146 hp (109 kW) 1486 and the 161 hp (120 kW) 1586. These new tractors had a new cab dubbed the Control Center that came standard with air conditioning, heat, and several radio-CB options. The driver sat well ahead of the rear axle and the fuel tank was mounted behind the cab over the rear axle. This increased balance and ride. Also in 1976, the 62 hp (46 kW) 686 along with the “86” series four-wheel-drives were introduced, including the 4186, 4586, and 4786. In 1977, International Harvester introduced the first Axial-Flow rotary combine. This machine, produced at East Moline, Illinois, was the first generation of over 30 years of Axial-Flow combines. In 1979, IH introduced two all-new tractors: the 3388 and 3588, known as the 2+2 4WD line. These tractors were the result of taking two 1086 rear ends and hooking them together with a transfer case. A year later, the 3788 was introduced. As the 1980s began, IH faced a stable economy, yet an unknown fate. In September 1981, IH announced at a dealership meeting the new “50 Series” of tractors, which included the 136 hp (101 kW) 5088, the 162 hp (121 kW) 5288 and the 187 hp (139 kW) 5488. IH also released the “30 series”, which included the 81 hp (60 kW) 3088, the 90 hp (67 kW) 3288, the 112 hp (84 kW) 3488Hydro, and the 113 hp (84 kW) 3688. These new tractors proved once again that IH was innovative. Designed and styled by IH industrial designer Gregg Montgomery (Montgomery Design International), the new stylish design of the 50 and 30 series changed the look of tractors from that time forward. Many technology-related innovations were used in the new series. Other innovations included a “Z” shift pattern, an 18-speed synchronized transmission, a forward air-flow cooling system which sucked air from above the hood and blew it out the front grille, “Power Priority” three-pump hydraulic system, color-coded hydraulic lines and controls, and a new rear-hitch system. IH also released the “60 series 2+2s” and planned on making the “Super 70 series” 2+2s, but only a handful of these exist today. On May 14, 1985, the last IH tractor rolled off the factory line, a 5488 FWA. In the late 1970s, IH entered a deal with Spain’s Enasa to build diesel engines there as Internacional de Motores. After a downturn in the market coupled to problems with Spain’s entry into the European Economic Community threatened the profitability of this project, International Harvester withdrew in 1982. Brand names of the agriculture division. IH over the years used a number of brand names to market their tractor and harvesting products. Also produced were twine, stationary engines, loaders, and wagons. The Electrall system was introduced in 1954; it was a short-lived attempt to market electrically operated farm equipment and accessories. The system, co-developed with General Electric, consisted of a 208V three-phase alternating-current generator connected with electric cables to the device to be powered. The generator could even power a household. A 10 kW Electrall generator was an option on the Farmall 400 tractor, [14] and a 12.5 kW PTO-driven version was made. The possible applications of Electrall power were many, but few made it to market. IH marketing materials showed a haybaler being Electrall powered. One of the more novel applications of the Electrall was a device to electrocute insects in the field at night (basically like a modern-day bug zapper, but on a larger scale). 1911 International Harvester Auto Wagon. 1927 International one-ton stakebed. 1979 International Scout SSV Concept. IH is often remembered as a maker of relatively successful and innovative “light” lines of vehicles, competing directly against the Big Three. IH made light trucks from 1907 to 1975, beginning with the Model A Auto Wagon (sometimes called the “Auto Buggy”). [16] Production commenced in February 1907 at IH’s McCormick Works in Chicago, although production was moved to Akron, Ohio, in October that year. [16] Powered by a horizontally opposed, air-cooled twin around 15 hp (11 kW), it was a right-hand-drive model popular in rural areas for high ground clearance on the poor roads typical of the era. It featured a rear seat convertible to a carrier bed. They were called IHC until 1914, when the’International’ name was first applied. [16] The final light line truck was made on May 5, 1975. IH also had early success with the Auto Buggy, which started production in February 1907. In the mid-1940s, International released their K and KB series trucks, which were more simplistic than other trucks released in that era. This was followed by the L Series in 1949, which was replaced by the R Series in 1952, followed by the S line in 1955. A’ stands for anniversary. With light modifications to its appearance, but more serious changes under the shell (and a number of new names), this design continued in production until replaced by the 1100D in late 1969, which looked very similar to the Scout. Starting in 1938 and manufactured through 1975, the Metro series was produced and updated with each iteration of IH’s truck lines. Additional variants were based on the medium-duty engine and chassis lines. One of the company’s light-duty vehicles was the Travelall, which was similar in concept to the Chevrolet Suburban. The Travelette was a crew cab, available in two- or four-wheel drive. A three-door version was available starting in 1957, and a four-door version was available starting in 1961. The 1961 Travelette four-door (crewcab) was the first six-passenger, four-door truck of its time. The Scout, first introduced in 1961, [16] is a small, two-door SUV, similar to a Jeep. In 1972, the Scout became the Scout II, and in 1974, Dana 44 axles, power steering, and power disc brakes became standard. After the Light Line pickups and Travelall were discontinued in 1975, the Scout Traveler and Terra became available, both with a longer wheelbase than a standard Scout II. IH abandoned sales of passenger vehicles in 1980 to concentrate on commercial trucks and school buses. Today, the pickups, Travelalls, and Scouts are minor cult orphaned vehicles. All were also available as rugged four-wheel drive off-road vehicles. In 1962, IH offered the International Harvester Loadstar which became the premier medium-duty truck. In 1978, IH offered the International Harvester S-Series, which replaced the Loadstar in 1979. With the truck and engine divisions remaining following the 1985 sale of the agricultural division, International Harvester Company changed their corporate name to Navistar International in 1986. Today, Navistar International’s subsidiary, International Truck and Engine Corporation, manufactures and markets trucks and engines under the International brand name. The Ford Power Stroke engine was manufactured by International Truck and Engine Corporation in Indianapolis, Ind. For use in Ford heavy-duty trucks, vans, and SUVs. IH manufactured light, medium, and heavy vehicles for military use. In the 1970s, motorhomes were manufactured using IHC engines and bare chassis. Most of the bodies were constructed of fiberglass. The AS164 2X4 used as a tractor unit[22] and the 2X4 AS161 used as a trayback troop transport[23]. The association between International Harvester Australia and the Australian Army developed and in conjunction with the Army Design Establishment of the Australian Commonwealth Department of Supply, designed and constructed a range of trucks for the Australian Army. With the body loosely based upon the design of cab 13 of the Canadian Military Pattern truck, the first prototype built in 1959 was the International Truck Cargo 2½ Ton General Service, Australian No. [24] which was followed by the Mk2 prototype. A variant with a midmounted, 20,000-lb winch, resulted in the first production model, [25] the Mk3 entering service in 1963 – just in time for Australia’s entry into the Vietnam War. A five-ton 6X6 version was to follow with three major variants the Truck Cargo 5 Ton with winch F1[26] which replaced the Mk3 in Vietnam service. The F2 a tipper version[27] that replaced the International Harvester AB160 “teaspoon Tipper”[28] in both Vietnam and Borneo theatres of operations. The F5 wrecker[29] with a lack of 4X4 2 1/2 ton trucks available because of the Vietnam War, the Mk3 was supplemented with further 4X4 production with the updated Mk4 version[30] which shared the cab with the 6X6 variants Production of The Australian No. Range of trucks were produced until 1973. The Mk3, Mk4, F1, F2 and F5 saw service until the late 1980s. NZFS 1969 C1800 Butterbox ACCO. The Australian-designed and -built International Australian A-line Cab Over (AACO)was first produced in the late 1960s and later in 1972 the Australian C-line Cab Over (ACCO). The ACCO is a cab over engine type truck and has been offered in 4×2, 4×4, 6×2, 6×4, 8×4, and 10×4 configurations. Engines used have been Cummins, Caterpillar, Detroit Diesel, Perkins, Neuss or GMC with Road-Ranger or Allison transmissions and Rockwell differentials. The ACCO range were built to order, serving private operators, fire departments, military services, and municipal departments across Australia and New Zealand. The ACCO became the most popular product of International Harvester in Australia. The ACCO continues to be manufactured to date, under the ownership of Iveco. International Harvester Máquinas S. Was established with Brazilian government support as part of a project to develop a vehicle industry there. Their first product was the International S-184 heavy truck. Truck series since 1960. 1970s IHC Loadstar dump truck. It was also used extensively in the agricultural and construction industries. It was widely recognizable by its grey grill and “butterfly” hood, but some late models had one-piece tilting hoods. Most had a medium-duty 4×2 chassis, but some 6×4 heavy-duty models were built. This series was replaced by the S-Series in the 1970s. The heavy-duty Fleetstar was a short-hood conventional replacing the heaviest-duty R-Series conventionals. Designed primarily for vocational use, the Fleetstar was configured with either single or tandem rear axles. As with the Loadstar, during its production, it was fitted with a “butterfly” hood; a tilting fiberglass hood later became an option. The Fleetstar was replaced by the S-Series after 1977. The CO-4000 was the first COE highway tractor designed entirely by International Harvester, replacing a generation of tilt-cab tractors derived from a Diamond T design. In what would become a design feature in its later COE tractors, the CO-4000 was distinguished by a large trapezoidal grille. The CO-4000 was replaced by the Transtar-series cabovers in 1968. Late 1970s International Transtar II “Eagle”. During 1968, the CO-4000 cab underwent a major redesign in an effort to accommodate larger-displacement diesel engines. Sharing the trapezoidal grille of the CO-4000, the Transtar added a black-trim exterior band to the grille, becoming a feature shared with the later Cargostar. In 1974, the Transtar II was introduced. Though externally identical, the Transtar II featured larger-displacement engines. The tilt-cab Cargostar began life in 1963, as the CO-Loadstar. A low-cab COE, the vehicle was designated as its own product line for 1970 with a widened cab. Similar in configuration to the Ford C-Series, the Cargostar was a medium-duty truck with both gasoline and diesel engines. The Transtar conventional was introduced in 1971. In 1985, the long-hood Transtar was rebranded the International 9370, marking the start of the International 9000 series. 1980s International Paystar 5000. In 1973, International Harvester developed an all-new severe-service conventional to replace its R 210/230 (introduced in 1960) and M-Series (introduced in 1964) trucks. Using the cab of the Transtar conventional, the Paystar 5000 was given flat steel fenders and a butterfly hood. Alongside its standard configuration, the Paystar was produced with a set-back front axle configuration, with various rear axle configurations. Following the development of the Transtar, the Paystar became the 5000i in 2000, and again the Paystar in 2008. In 2016, the International HX-Series replaced the Paystar (with which it shares its cab). The S-Series is a range of medium-duty conventional trucks that was introduced in 1977, consolidating the Loadstar and Fleetstar lines into a single product range. [36] To do so, the S-Series was produced as a straight truck, semitractor, and as a cowled bus chassis. Along with medium-duty vehicles, the S-Series was also offered in severe-service configurations (slotted below the Paystar). In addition to single and tandem rear axles (named the F-Series)[37], the model line was offered with a driven front axle (providing four/six wheel drive). Produced in two generations, the S-Series would outlive International Harvester by over 15 years. In 2001, medium-duty production ended, replaced by the 4000-series (today the Durastar) with severe-service trucks ending production in 2003 (eventually replaced by the Workstar). [38] In 2004, the S-Series ended as Navistar produced its final conventional-style bus chassis of its generation. In 1981, International Harvester replaced the Transtar II with an all-new tilt-cab highway tractor. Making use of smaller-displacement diesel engines, the CO9670 XL introduced a wider cab, larger doors (shared with the Transtar 4000), and larger windshield with a nearly identical grille to the Transtar II. After 1998, the 9000-series cabovers ended production in the United States, with Navistar exporting the tooling; as of 2017, the model line remains in production outside of North America. IH dealer in Texas, showing trucks, tractors and refrigeration equipment. IH branched out into the home lawn and garden business in the 1960s with its line of Cub Cadet equipment, which included riding and walk-behind lawn mowers and snow blowers. Also produced were compost shredders, rotary tillers, Cadet garden tractors, and power washers. Although best known for farm equipment, IH produced home appliances for farmers and nonfarmers alike. This included refrigeration equipment such as refrigerators, air conditioners, and freezers. IH had a refrigeration division of its own, as did other vehicle manufacturers of the time: Ford had Philco, Chrysler had Airtemp, General Motors had Frigidaire, Nash-Kelvinator Corporation (and then American Motors) had Kelvinator, Studebaker had the Franklin Appliance Company, and Crosley had Crosley. The IH appliance division had originally been developed to manufacture commercial-grade items to farmers, most of whom had just received electricity by way of the many electrification projects in the U. Before and after World War II. Among the offerings were milk coolers and walk-in freezers for produce and meat. Later on, IH courted the farmer’s wife with kitchen refrigerators available in the latest designer styles. Since the time of production was short, IH appliances are rare today. On the show Friends, the refrigerator in Monica’s apartment is a circa 1950 International Harvester. In early 1951, the United States Army through the Springfield Armory contracted International Harvester to produce M1 rifles, and from 1953 to 1956 produced 337,623 rifles in total, according to the Army Ordnance Department. In 1959, International Harvester created a jet turbine-powered tractor called the International HT-341. It was donated to the Smithsonian Institution in 1967. List of International Harvester/Navistar engines. List of International Harvester vehicles.